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REFERENCES
January 14, 2023
References provide complete details of materials studied, quoted or paraphrased during research. The purpose of the reference list is to allow readers have access to sources of information cited in your actual research papers or project. It is an acknowledgement of the various authors whose materials was quoted, summarized, paraphrased or included to make up your literature review.
How To List References
Add a heading
Make sure your reference list contains all intext citations in your research project
Arrange the list in alphabetical order
Follow a correct referencing format e.g., APA style 6th, 7th edition etc.
CITATION FORMAT USING APA STYLE 7TH EDITION
Over the years we’ve seen several formats for listing references, the latest format as at the time of publishing this article is the APA style 7th edition which is the most accepted in many institutions in Africa and beyond. APA stands for American Psychological Association.
In spite of numerous materials available for doing research, majority of students use just a handful of secondary data tools (materials) for carrying out research, I am not saying that these materials are not sufficient to do intensive research; in fact, with only a few sources you can sufficiently do research that will be acceptable at any level.
Let’s look at the common sources students and lecturers frequents during research;
Journals:
Surname, initial. (year). Title of the article. Name of Journal, Volume(issue), first page number – last page number. Website
Note: The initials is the first alphabet of a person’s name.
The name of journal and volume are only to be in italics. The website should start with https:// protocol.
Websites:
Surname, Initial. (year). Title of the article. Name of the website. https://www.website.com
Published Thesis and Dissertation:
Surname, Initial. (years). Title of the Thesis or Dissertation (Doctoral or Masters Thesis or dissertation, Name of Institution). Repository. Institution’s website
Unpublished Thesis and Dissertation:
Surname, Initial. (years). Title of the Thesis or Dissertation (Unpublished doctoral or Master’s Thesis or dissertation). University.
Conference papers or presentation (unpublished):
Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day-Day). Title of paper (Type of material). Name of Conference, City, Country.
Conference paper in proceedings (published as a journal issue):
Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of paper. Name of Journal, Volume(Issue), First page – Last page.
Republished book:
Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. (Year original work was published)
Dictionary or Encyclopedia (Online without author):
Word. (Year). In Title of dictionary. www.website.com
Printed books:
Author, Initial. (Year). Book title. City of publication, Country/State: Publisher.
Intext-citations
| S/N | Illustration | First intext citation | Subsequent intext citation | Sample | Sample |
| 1 | One Author: Material written by John Mbah | Mbah (2022) | Mbah (2022) | Mbah (2022) postulated that…… | ……eating well is living well (Mbah, 2022). |
| 2 | Two authors: Material written by John Mbah and Joseph Amadi | Mbah and Amadi (2022) | Mbah and Amadi (2022) | Mbah and Amadi (2022) stated that…. | ……eating well is living well (Mbah & Amadi, 2022). |
| 3 | Three authors: Materials written by John Mbah, Joseph Amadi and Soyinka Mamodu | Mbah et al. (2022) | Mbah et al. (2022) | Mbah et al. (2022), are of the opinion that… | …eating well is living well (Mbah et al, 2022). |
| 4 | Organization, Institution, Agency etc., with abbreviation | Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP, 2022) | BPP (2022) | According to BPP (2022) …. | …eating well is living well (Bureau of Public Procurement, 2022). …eating well is living well (BPP, 2022). |
| 5 | Organization, Institution, Agency etc., without abbreviation | University of Lagos (2022) | University of Lagos (2022) | According to (University of Lagos, 2022) | …eating well is living well (University of Lagos, 2022) |
| REFERENCE SAMPLES | ||
| 1 | Journal Article with one author | Akpan, E.I. (2012). Tourism: A strategy for sustainable economic development in Cross Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol.3(5), Pp5-9 |
| 2 | Journal Article with two authors | Akpan, E.I. & Obang, C.E. (2012). Tourism: A strategy for sustainable economic development in Cross Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science,Vol.3(5), Pp5-9 |
| 3 | Journal Article with three authors | Lovina, A.N., Mbah, A.O. & Oloye, S.I. (2021). Assessment of factors affecting effective hotel maintenance in Federal Polytechnic Oko, Anambra state, Nigeria. International Journal of Civil Engineering, Construction and Estate Management, Vol 9(1), pp 21-42 |
| 4 | Book | Sepe, M. (2013). Bricks and mortar and people: A facilities management strategy that supports sustainability (2nd Ed). slide share. |
| 5 | Book chapter | Sepe, M. (2013). Bricks and mortar and people: A facilities management strategy that supports sustainability (Vol.5, pp.2-6). slide share. |
| 6 | Newspaper article/Newsletter (known author, online) | Sepe, M. (2013, June 4). A facilities management strategy that supports sustainability. Daily Trust. https://www.dailytrust.com |
| 7 | Newspaper article/Newsletter (with unknown author) | A facilities management strategy that supports sustainability. (2013, June 4). Daily Trust. https://www.dailytrust.com |
| 8 | Report or Working paper | Gbolahan, U.G. (2022). Annual report on facilities management strategy that supports sustainability. (Working Paper No. 6). Built-in publication. https://www.dailytrust.com |
| 9 | Website | Amadi, O.O. (2022). Annual report on facilities management strategy that supports sustainability. Punch News. https://www.dailytrust.com |
| 10 | Published Thesis or Dissertation | Nwanne, G. (2022). Evaluation of oil spillage in Ghana. (Masters Dissertation, University of Ilorin). University of Ibadan repository. https://www.dailytrust.com |
| 11 | Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation | Ibrahim, D.J. (2022). Evaluation of oil spillage in Ghana. (Unpublished masters Dissertation), University of Ilorin. University of Ibadan repository. https://www.dailytrust.com |
| 12 | Conference paper, keynote address, poster presentation, etc. (unpublished) | Johnson, W.K. (2022, January 2-3). Evaluation of oil spillage in Ghana. (Paper presentation). 23rd annual International Relief conference, Johannesburg, South Africa. |
| 13 | Conference paper in proceedings (published as a book) | Nwanne, G. (2022). Evaluation of oil spillage. In G. Martins & A. Kelvin, trends of environmental degradation (pp.4-8). Universal press Ltd. |
| 14 | Conference paper in proceedings (published as a journal issue) | Nwanne, G. (2022). Facilities management in small industries. Proceedings of Management Scheme in Africa, 12(4), 3-7. https://www.managementguide.com/ |
| 15 | Dictionary or Encyclopedia (online with author) | Ambrose, C.C. (2022). Evaluation of oil spillage. In G. Martins & A. Kelvin (Eds.), Oxford learner dictionary. https://www.oxforddictionary.com |
| 16 | Book | Sepe, M. (2013). Bricks and mortar and people: A facilities management strategy that supports sustainability (2nd Ed). slide share. |